Explain Computer Fundamental

Explain Computer Fundamental 

Introduction of Computer

The term computer is derived from the word computer. a computer is an electronic device that takes data and instruction as an input from the user, process data, and provide useful information know as output. The cycle of operation of a computer is know input process output cycle. The electron device is know as hardware and the set of instruction is know as a software.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use.

The spurt of innovation and invention in computer technology during the last few decades has led to the development of a variety of computers. They are soo versatile and they have become indispensable to engineers, scientist, business executive, manager, administrator, accountants, teachers and student.

Modern computer process certain characteristics and availability peculiar to them

1. Performance complex and repetitive calculation rapidly and accurately.
2. Store large amount of data and information for subsequent manipulation.
3. full day program of a model which can be explored in many different way.
4. Compare item and make decision.
5. Provide information to the user in many different forms.
6. automatically correct or modify the parameters of a system under control.
7. Converse with user interactively and.
8. Draw and print graph.
9. Receive and display audio and video signals.

History of computers

The use of computing techniques is over 5,000 year old.  Babylonians, Chinese, and Egyptian had use numerical method for the survey of lands and the collection of taxes as early as 3000 BC, computer history start with the development of a device called the the abacus  by the Chinese around this period. this was used for the systematic calculation of arithmetic operation. Since then the number system has undergone various change and has been used in different form in computing. The most significant development in computing was the the formulation of the decimal number system in India around 800.

The origin of the modern computer can be tracked back to 1834 when and English mathematician charles Babbage designed and analytical engine.this was considered as the first programmable digital mechanical computer. this machine contained all the major part of modern computer system. Charles Babbage is therefore know as the 'father of modern Computer' . lady Ada Lovelace baj one of the the strong supporter of babbage work. Sea route many of the operating instructions for the experimental machine designed by Babbage. She is therefore considered to be the first computer programmer. She represent some of the key element of programming and program design.

the first large scale application of data processing was undertaken by the United State Census Bureau in 1890. Dr Herman Hollerith (mechanical engineer) who was employed by the census bureau designer and electro mechanical machine and could tubelate data using punched cards. This formed the basis for the traditional punched card technology.

Generation of computers

1. First generation(1940--1956)
2. Second generation (1956--1963)
3. Third generation (1964--1971)
4. Fourth generation(1971--till date)
5. Fifth generation(1980s---)

Classification of computers

computer can be classified into several categories depending on their computing ability and processing speed.

1. Micro computer
2. Mini computer
3. Mainframe computer
4. Supercomputers

Micro computers

A microcomputer is defined as a computer that has a microprocessor as its CPU. the microcomputer system can we perform the following basic operation.

• Inputting--- it is the process of of entering data and instruction into the micro computer systems.

• Storing--- it is the process of saving data and instruction in the memory of the micro computer systems so that they can be used whenever required.

• Processing--- it is the process of performing arithmetic and logical operation on data where data can be converted into useful information. Various arithmatic  operation include addition,subtraction,multiplication, and division. Among logical operation, operation of comparison like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.

• Outputting--- it provide the result to the user which could be in the form of visual display and printed reports.

• Controlling--- it help indirectly the skills and manner in which all the above operation are performed.

Mini computers

Mini computer is a medium-size computer that is more powerful than a micro computer. An important distinction between a micro computer and mini computer is that a mini computer is usually designed to serve a multiple user simultaneously. a system that support multiple user is called a multi terminal, time sharing system. Mini computer are the popular computing system among research and business organisation today. They are more expensive than micro computers

Mainframe computers

mainframe computers are used computers which help in handling the information processing of various organisation like banks insurance companies hospital and railway. Mainframe computers are placed on a a Central location and are connected to several users terminals which can act as access station and may be locate in the same building. Men from computers are large and expensive in comparison to the workstations.

Supercomputer

Super computer are the most powerful and expensive computers available at present. They are also the fastest computer available. supercomputers are primarily used for complex scientific application which need a higher level of processing. Some of these application, include weather, forecasting, climate,research molecular, modelling, used for chemical compounding, aeroplane simulation and nuclear function research.